Izinkulungwane zeminyaka, abantu bangasebenzisa kuphela izipho zemvelo: insimbi, ukhuni, irabha, inhlaka... Nokho, ngemva kokuzalwa kwethenisi yetafula, abantu bathola ngokuzumayo ukuthi ngamandla ekhemikhali ye-polymer, singahlanganisa ama-athomu ekhabhoni ngokuthanda kwethu futhi. ama-athomu e-hydrogen, okwenza izinto ezintsha ezingakaze zibonwe eMhlabeni.
Ubuchwepheshe be-nitrocellulose bokwenziwa bokwenza i-celluloid kuyisinyathelo sokuguqulwa kobuchwepheshe bepulasitiki ukusuka ku-0 kuye ku-1, futhi ngokubuka kwanamuhla, lesi isinyathelo esincane nje ngomashi omude.I-Hyatt yenza "ukusabela kokuguqulwa" emiculweni kakotini encibilike ku-nitric acid, ukuze lawa ma-cellulose ama-macromolecular aphuke futhi ahlelwe kabusha ngendlela entsha, futhi imicu yezitshalo evamile yazalwa kabusha.azalwe kabusha.Kodwa-ke, i-cellulose ngokwayo iyi-polymer, futhi i-celluloid ivuselela kabusha i-cellulose, futhi ayikhiqizi i-cellulose ezingeni lamangqamuzana.Uma sesifunde ukuphatha ama- molecule, hlobo luni lwento yomlingo esizoyithola?

Akumele silinde isikhathi eside.Eminyakeni emi-4 nje ngemva kokuthola ithuba kuka-Hyatt ne-celluloid, usokhemisi waseJalimane ohlakaniphile u-Adolf von Baeyer wasebenzisa i-formaldehyde ne-phenol ukuze ahlanganise ipulasitiki entsha ngokuphelele: i-phenolic resin.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isiyalo esisha samakhemikhali savulwa: i-polymerization.Emkhakheni we-organic chemistry, i-polymerization uhlobo lomlingo omnyama oguqula itshe libe yigolide.Ihlanganisa ama-molecule e-formaldehyde nama- phenol ibe inetha elikhulu, futhi ekugcineni ibelethe indoda enkulu engakwazi ngisho nokubona uyise i-formaldehyde nonina i-phenol.I-resin ye-henolic.

Emkhakheni wezimboni, ipulasitiki ye-phenolic resin ibizwa ngokuthi "i-bakelite" ngoba i-insulating, i-anti-static, futhi imelana nokushisa okuphezulu.Kuyinto enhle kakhulu yokwenza ama-insulating switches, ukuze ukwazi ukukhanyisa izibani nsuku zonke ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngokushaqeka kukagesi.Kusukela ekubukekeni okucwebezelayo, kunzima ukubona ukumangala kwalo mkhiqizo: zonke izingcezu ze-bakelite ziyi-molecule enkulu, i-molecule enkulu ngokwanele ukuba ibanjwe entendeni yesandla sakho!
Ngokombono wethu, i-molecule ibonakala iyinto encane kakhulu kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo.Iconsi lamanzi liqukethe cishe ama-molecule wamanzi angu-1.67 × 10 21.Izinto ezisetshenziswayo ze-phenolic resin, i-formaldehyde ne-phenol, zingama-molecule amancane futhi angaphawuleki, anesisindo samangqamuzana angama-30 no-94, ngokulandelana, kodwa uma ufuna ukubuza isisindo samangqamuzana e-phenolic resin, kungase kudingeke ukuthi udwebe ama-zero angamashumi amabili noma amathathu ngemva kwalokho. 1.

Ukubona kungcono kunokukubona.Uma ufuna ukuzwa amandla asabekayo e-polymerization reaction, ungase futhi uchithe imizuzwana engu-10 ubukele ukuqhuma kwe-polymerization reaction ngemva kokushisisa i-p-nitroaniline ne-concentrated sulfuric acid.Isixazululo esincane sesitsha esiwuhhafu esithombeni esingakwesokunxele siyakhula kancane futhi siyabhema ngemva kokufudumeza, futhi ama-molecule e-p-nitroaniline ayanqamula futhi enza i-polymerize ngezinga lokukhula elikhulayo.Ekugcineni, intaba-mlilo iqhuma esikhathini esingaphansi komzuzwana owodwa, futhi isihlahla esikhulu simila ngaphandle kwendawo.I-Optimus Prime.Nakuba le nsika yobumnyama ibonakala iqinile, empeleni iyisakhiwo sesipontshi esicwebile nesinezimbotshana esakhiwe i-p-nitroaniline sulfonate, futhi izoba umlotha ngokukhama kancane.

Ngenxa yokusabela kwe-polymerization, emashumini ambalwa nje ambalwa eminyaka, inani elikhulu lamapulasitiki “e-poly” aziwa kakhulu avele embonini yamakhemikhali: i-polyamide, i-polyurethane, i-polyethylene, i-polystyrene, i-polytetrafluoroethylene, i-polypropylene, i-Polyester……
Ini?Uthi awuwazi lamagama axakile?Kulungile, ngizokuhumushela lona.
I-Polyamide (eyaziwa nangokuthi Inayiloni): Yathuthukiswa yi-DuPont ngo-1930, ifayibha yokwenziwa yokuqala emhlabeni, ayikaze idlulwe izimbangi cishe iminyaka eyi-100.

I-Polyethylene: Ipulasitiki esetshenziswa kakhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.

I-Polystyrene (ebuye yaziwe ngokuthi i-Poly Dragon): imfuneko yezinto ezithathwayo kanye nezithunywa

I-Polypropylene: imelana nokushisa kufika ku-140°C, futhi ayisabelani nama-asidi, ama-alkali, nosawoti, futhi iyinketho yokuqala yamabhokisi esidlo sasemini e-microwave.

I-Polytetrafluoroethylene (eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Teflon): Eyaziwa ngokuthi “Inkosi Yepulasitiki”, ingasebenza ngokujwayelekile ku--180 ~ 250 ℃, futhi icishe ingancibiliki kuzo zonke izincibilikisi, ngisho naku-aqua regia ebilisiwe.Vele ufake ungqimba oluncane phansi epanini ukuze uliguqule libe yipani elide elingagxili

I-polyester fiber (i-polyester): igcwele ukunwebeka, ukumelana nemibimbi, okungeyona insimbi, ukumelana nesikhutha, cishe zonke izingubo ezithengwe engcebweni inayo, ikakhulukazi izingubo zezemidlalo.

I-Polyurethane: Ihlonishwe yi-Bayer ngo-1937, inamandla aphezulu kanye ne-thermal conductivity ephansi, futhi ivame ukusetshenziswa ekufakeni udonga.Kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi ujwayelene kakhulu nencwadi engu-0.01 mm empilweni yakho yansuku zonke.

Uma ngikutshela ukuthi ukudla kwawo wonke umuntu, okokugqoka, indawo yokuhlala kanye nezinto zokuhamba azihlukaniseki nepulasitiki, mhlawumbe abantu abaningi bazongibheka ngamazwi amangalisayo.Yebo, kuningi kakhulu, kuningi kakhulu ukubona, kuningi kakhulu ukukhohlwa, siphila emhlabeni wepulasitiki nsuku zonke.Sipheka ngamabhodwe epulasitiki, sidla ngamabhokisi epulasitiki, siphuzela amabhodlela epulasitiki, siwashela izitsha zepulasitiki, sigezela obhavu bepulasitiki, sigqoke izingubo ze-fiber yepulasitiki ukuze siphume, sishayela izimoto zepulasitiki ezingu-50% ukuya emsebenzini, sivula iLaptop yepulasitiki, sibhala lesi sihloko. kukhibhodi yepulasitiki — futhi uyifunda uchofoza ifoni yakho yepulasitiki.
Kuze kube manje, izinkulungwane zamapulasitiki akhiqizwa emhlabeni wonke.Izinombolo ezinembile azikwazi ukubalwa, futhi akukho ukubaluleka kwezibalo, ngoba inqwaba noma amakhulu amapulasitiki amasha aphuma njalo ngonyaka, futhi umzuzu nomzuzwana ngamunye, abasebenzi be-R&D bathuthukisa ifomula kanye nenqubo yokukhiqiza amapulasitiki elabhorethri.Kusukela ku-celluloid yokuqala yepulasitiki ekhiqizwa ngobuningi, senze amathani epulasitiki ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-7, futhi uma yenziwa intambo, ingasonga umhlaba emhlabeni jikelele-kakhulu?Manje sikhiqiza amathani epulasitiki angu-1 billion njalo eminyakeni emi-3.Embonini yamakhemikhali epulasitiki yeminyaka engu-140, kuseyisiqalo nje.
Lapho isintu sishabalala, abavubukuli abangaziwa bazothola iminonjana yobukhona bethu emlandweni wokwakheka komhlaba - ukwakheka kwamatshe epulasitiki.Ipulasitiki ihlangana namatshe, amatshe, namagobolondo, futhi ishona olwandle ukuze ibe inkumbulo yaphakade yomhlaba.Njengoba nje idiphozithi ye-calcium carbonate iphawule izinsalela ze-Cretaceous ne-dinosaur eziphawule i-Jurassic, lokhu kwakheka kwamatshe epulasitiki kwaphawula inkathi entsha ye-geological: i-Anthropocene.Abanethemba langempela bakholelwa ukuthi ukwenza ipulasitiki kuyintuthuko enkulu njengokumba izinkuni zokwenza umlilo nokupholisha amathuluzi amatshe.Imele ukuthi abantu ekugcineni bayayiqonda imvelo yento futhi banamandla okugqabula amaketanga emvelo bakhe izwe elisha elingakaze libonwe ngaphambili;kanti abanye bayakuzonda.Kubize ngokuthi "ukwesaba okumhlophe", "ukusungulwa kokufa" kanye "nephupho elibi lomuntu lekhulu lama-21".
Ubuchwepheshe obulolonge ibhola le-ping pong

Inkampani yethu igxile ekwenzeni ngendlela oyifisayoimikhiqizo yepulasitiki, sesisebenzelana nemikhiqizo yepulasitiki iminyaka engu-23, futhi isipiliyoni sethu sanele kakhulu