Ukuthuthukiswa kwamapulasitiki kungalandelelwa emuva maphakathi no-19.Ngaleso sikhathi, ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zemboni yendwangu echumayo e-UK, osokhemisi baxuba amakhemikhali ahlukene ndawonye, ​​benethemba lokwenza i-bleach kanye nodayi.Osokhemisi bathanda kakhulu itiyela lamalahle, okuwudoti ofana ne-curd oboshwe koshimula basefekthri abagqugquzelwa igesi yemvelo.

UWilliam Henry Platinum, umsizi waselabhorethri eRoyal Institute of Chemistry eLondon, ubengomunye wabantu abenze lolu cwaningo.Ngolunye usuku, lapho i-platinum isula izinto zamakhemikhali ezazichitheke ebhentshini elabhorethri, kwatholakala ukuthi indwangu yayidayiwe yaba i-lavender eyayingavamile ukubonakala ngaleso sikhathi.Lokhu kutholakala ngephutha kwenza i-platinum yangena embonini yokudaya futhi ekugcineni yaba usozigidi.
Nakuba ukutholakala kwe-platinum akuyona ipulasitiki, lokhu kutholakala ngengozi kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba kubonisa ukuthi izinhlanganisela ezenziwe ngabantu zingatholakala ngokulawula izinto eziphilayo zemvelo.Abakhiqizi baye baqaphela ukuthi izinto eziningi zemvelo ezifana nokhuni, inhlaka, irabha, nengilazi kungenzeka ziyindlala kakhulu noma zibiza kakhulu noma azifaneleki ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi ngoba zibiza kakhulu noma aziguquguquki ngokwanele.Izinto zokwenziwa ziyindawo ekahle.Ingakwazi ukushintsha ukuma ngaphansi kokushisa nokucindezela, futhi ingagcina isimo ngemva kokupholisa.
UColin Williamson, umsunguli we-London Society for the History of Plastics, wathi: “Ngaleso sikhathi, abantu babebhekene nokuthola enye indlela eshibhile nekulula ukuyishintsha.
Ngemva kwe-platinum, enye indoda eyiNgisi, u-Alexander Parks, yaxuba i-chloroform namafutha e-castor ukuze ithole into eqinile njengezimpondo zezilwane.Lena kwakuyipulasitiki yokwenziwa yokuqala.Amapaki anethemba lokusebenzisa lepulasitiki eyenziwe umuntu esikhundleni senjoloba engakwazi ukusetshenziswa kabanzi ngenxa yezindleko zokutshala, ukuvuna, nokucubungula.
U-John Wesley Hyatt, umkhandi wensimbi waseNew York, wazama ukwenza amabhola ebhilidi ngezinto zokwenziwa esikhundleni samabhola ebhilidi enziwe ngezinyo lendlovu.Nakuba engazange ayixazulule le nkinga, wathola ukuthi ngokuxuba i-camphor nenani elithile le-solvent, into engashintsha isimo ngemva kokushisa ingatholakala.I-Hyatt ibiza le nto ngokuthi i-celluloid.Lolu hlobo olusha lwepulasitiki lunezici zokukhiqizwa ngobuningi bemishini nabasebenzi abangaqeqeshiwe.Iletha embonini yefilimu into esobala eqinile futhi eguqukayo engaveza izithombe odongeni.
I-Celluloid iphinde yakhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni yamarekhodi asekhaya, futhi ekugcineni yashintsha amarekhodi okuqala angama-cylindrical.Kamuva amapulasitiki angasetshenziswa ukwenza amarekhodi e-vinyl namakhasethi;ekugcineni, i-polycarbonate isetshenziselwa ukwenza ama-compact disc.
I-Celluloid yenza ukuthwebula izithombe kube umsebenzi onemakethe ebanzi.Ngaphambi kokuba uGeorge Eastman athuthukise i-celluloid, ukuthwebula izithombe kwakuyinto yokuzilibazisa ebizayo futhi enzima ngoba umthwebuli wezithombe kwakudingeka azenzele ifilimu ngokwakhe.U-Eastman weza nombono omusha: ikhasimende lathumela ifilimu eqediwe esitolo elisivulile, futhi lenze ifilimu lenzelwe ikhasimende.I-Celluloid into yokuqala esobala engenziwa ibe ishidi elincanyana futhi ingagoqwa ibe yikhamera.
Cishe ngalesi sikhathi, u-Eastman wahlangana nomfokazi osemusha waseBelgium, uLeo Beckeland.I-Baekeland ithole uhlobo lwephepha lokuphrinta elizwela kakhulu ekukhanyeni.U-Eastman uthenge okusungulwe ngu-Beckland ngamadola angu-750,000 ase-US (okulingana nezigidi ezingu-2.5 zamadola aseMelika).Ngezimali esandleni, i-Baekeland yakha ilabhorethri.Futhi ngo-1907 wasungula ipulasitiki ye-phenolic.
Le nto entsha izuze impumelelo enkulu.Imikhiqizo eyenziwe ngepulasitiki ye-phenolic ihlanganisa izingcingo, izintambo ezivalekile, izinkinobho, ophephela bezindiza, namabhola amabhiliyade ekhwalithi enhle kakhulu.
I-Parker Pen Company yenza amapeni emithombo ahlukahlukene ngepulasitiki ye-phenolic.Ukuze kuboniswe ukuqina kwamapulasitiki e-phenolic, inkampani yenza umboniso womphakathi emphakathini futhi yehlisa ipeni ezakhiweni eziphakeme.Umagazini i-“Time” wasebenzisa isihloko esisesembozweni sokwethula umsunguli we-phenolic plastic kanye nalokhu kwaziswa “okungasetshenziswa izikhathi eziyizinkulungwane”
Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, ilabhorethri yaseDuPont nayo yenza enye intuthuko ngephutha: yenza inayiloni, umkhiqizo obizwa ngokuthi usilika wokwenziwa.Ngo-1930, u-Wallace Carothers, usosayensi osebenza elabhorethri yaseDuPont, wacwilisa induku yengilazi eshisayo enkomponi ende yamangqamuzana futhi wathola into enwebeka kakhulu.Nakuba izingubo ezenziwe ngenayiloni yakuqala zazincibilika ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu lensimbi, umsunguli wayo uCarothers waqhubeka nokucwaninga.Cishe eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili kamuva, iDuPont yethula inayiloni.
Inayiloni isetshenziswe kakhulu ensimini, amapharashuthi nezintambo zezicathulo zonke zenziwe ngenayiloni.Kodwa abesifazane bangabasebenzisi abashisekayo benayiloni.NgoMeyi 15, 1940, abesifazane baseMelika bathengisa ngamapheya ayizigidi ezi-5 zamasokisi enayiloni akhiqizwa yiDuPont.Amasokisi enayiloni ayashoda, abanye osomabhizinisi sebeqalile ukuzenza amasokisi enayiloni.
Kodwa indaba yempumelelo yenayiloni inesiphetho esibuhlungu: umsunguli wayo, uCarothers, wazibulala ngokuthatha i-cyanide.USteven Finnichell, umbhali wencwadi ethi “Plastic”, uthe: “Ngithole umbono ngemuva kokufunda idayari kaCarothers: UCarothers uthe izinto aziqambile zasetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza izingubo zabesifazane.Amasokisi azizwe ekhungathekile kakhulu.Wayeyisifundiswa, okwamenza wazizwa engabekezeleleki.”Wayenomuzwa wokuthi abantu babeyocabanga ukuthi impumelelo yakhe eyinhloko yayimane nje iwukusungula “umkhiqizo ovamile wezohwebo.”
Nakuba i-DuPont yayihlatshwe umxhwele imikhiqizo yayo ethandwa kakhulu abantu.AbaseBrithani bathola ukusetshenziswa okuningi kwepulasitiki emkhakheni wezempi phakathi nempi.Lokhu kutholwa kwenziwa ngengozi.Ososayensi endaweni yaselabhorethri ye-Royal Chemical Industry Corporation yase-United Kingdom benza ucwaningo olungahlangene nalutho nalokhu, futhi bathola ukuthi kune-waxy precipitate emhlophe ngaphansi kweshubhu lokuhlola.Ngemuva kokuhlolwa kwaselabhorethri, kwatholakala ukuthi le nto iyinto enhle kakhulu yokuvikela.Izici zayo zihlukile kunengilazi, futhi amagagasi e-radar angadlula kuwo.Ososayensi bayibiza nge-polyethylene, futhi bayisebenzisela ukwakha indlu yeziteshi ze-radar ukubamba umoya nemvula, ukuze i-radar isakwazi ukubamba izindiza zesitha ngaphansi kwenkungu emvula neminyene.
Williamson we-Society for the History of Plastics wathi: “Kunezici ezimbili ezibangela ukusungulwa kwamapulasitiki.Esinye isici isifiso sokwenza imali, kanti enye impi.”Kodwa-ke, kwaba ngamashumi eminyaka alandelayo okwenza upulasitiki uFinney ngempela.UChell wayibiza ngokuthi iwuphawu "lwekhulu leminyaka lezinto zokwenziwa."Ngawo-1950, kwavela iziqukathi zokudla ezenziwe ngepulasitiki, izimbiza, amabhokisi ensipho neminye imikhiqizo yasendlini;ngawo-1960, izihlalo eziphefumulayo zavela.Ngawo-1970, izazi zezemvelo zaveza ukuthi amapulasitiki angeke alulaze ngokwawo.Isasasa labantu ngemikhiqizo yepulasitiki lehlile.
Kodwa-ke, ngeminyaka yawo-1980 kanye nawo-1990, ngenxa yesidingo esikhulu samapulasitiki embonini yokukhiqiza izimoto namakhompyutha, amapulasitiki aqhubeka nokuhlanganisa isikhundla sawo.Akunakwenzeka ukuphika le ndaba evamile yonke indawo.Eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu edlule, umhlaba wawungakhiqiza amashumi ezinkulungwane zamathani epulasitiki unyaka ngamunye;namuhla, ukukhiqizwa kwepulasitiki yaminyaka yonke emhlabeni kudlula amathani ayizigidi eziyi-100.Ukukhiqizwa kwepulasitiki kwaminyaka yonke e-United States kudlula ukukhiqizwa okuhlangene kwensimbi, i-aluminium nethusi.
Amapulasitiki amashangezinto ezintsha zisatholwa.Williamson we-Society for the History of Plastics wathi: “Abaklami nabaqambi bazosebenzisa amapulasitiki enkulungwaneni yeminyaka ezayo.Ayikho impahla yomndeni efana nepulasitiki evumela abaklami nabaqambi ukuthi bagcwalise imikhiqizo yabo ngentengo ephansi kakhulu.sungula.