1. Sebenzisa ukuhlukanisa

Ngokwezici ezihlukahlukene zokusetshenziswa kwamapulasitiki ahlukahlukene, amapulasitiki avame ukuhlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezintathu: amapulasitiki ajwayelekile, amapulasitiki obunjiniyela namapulasitiki akhethekile.

① Ipulasitiki evamile

Ngokuvamile kubhekiselwa kumapulasitiki anomkhiqizo omkhulu, ukusetshenziswa okubanzi, ukuhleleka okuhle kanye nenani eliphansi.Kunezinhlobo ezinhlanu zamapulasitiki ajwayelekile, okuyi-polyethylene (PE), i-polypropylene (PP), i-polyvinyl chloride (PVC), i-polystyrene (PS) ne-acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS).Lezi zinhlobo ezinhlanu zamapulasitiki zenza inani elikhulu lezinto zokusetshenziswa zepulasitiki, kanti ezinye zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezikhethekile zepulasitiki, njenge: PPS, PPO, PA, PC, POM, njll., zisetshenziswa emikhiqizweni yokuphila kwansuku zonke. kuncane kakhulu, ikakhulukazi Isetshenziswa emikhakheni esezingeni eliphezulu njengemboni yobunjiniyela kanye nobuchwepheshe bezokuvikela kazwelonke, njengezimoto, indawo yezindiza, ezokwakha, kanye nokuxhumana.Ngokusho kwe-plasticity yayo, amapulasitiki angahlukaniswa abe ama-thermoplastic kanye namapulasitiki ashisayo.Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, imikhiqizo ye-thermoplastic ingabuyekezwa kabusha, kuyilapho amapulasitiki e-thermosetting engakwazi.Ngokwezakhiwo ze-optical zamapulasitiki, zingahlukaniswa zibe izinto zokusetshenziswa ezisobala, eziguquguqukayo kanye ne-opaque, njenge-PS, PMMA, AS, PC, njll okuyizinto zepulasitiki ezibonakalayo , Futhi amanye amapulasitiki amaningi angama-opaque.

Izakhiwo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamapulasitiki asetshenziswa kakhulu:

1. I-polyethylene:

I-polyethylene evame ukusetshenziswa ingahlukaniswa ibe yi-polyethylene ephansi (LDPE), i-polyethylene ephezulu (i-HDPE) kanye ne-linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE).Phakathi kwalezi zintathu, i-HDPE inezakhiwo ezingcono ezishisayo, zikagesi nezemishini, kuyilapho i-LDPE ne-LLDPE inokuguquguquka okungcono, izakhiwo zomthelela, izakhiwo zokwenza ifilimu, njll. I-LDPE ne-LLDPE zisetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukupakisha amafilimu, amafilimu ezolimo, ukuguqulwa kwepulasitiki, njll. , kuyilapho i-HDPE inezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza, njengamafilimu, amapayipi, nokujova izidingo zansuku zonke.

2. I-Polypropylene:

Uma kuqhathaniswa, i-polypropylene inezinhlobo eziningi, ukusetshenziswa okuyinkimbinkimbi, kanye nezinkambu eziningi.Izinhlobo ikakhulukazi zifaka i-homopolymer polypropylene (homopp), block copolymer polypropylene (copp) kanye ne-random copolymer polypropylene (rapp).Ngokusho kwesicelo, i-Homopolymerization isetshenziswa kakhulu emikhakheni yokudweba ngocingo, ifayibha, umjovo, ifilimu ye-BOPP, njll. i-polypropylene isetshenziswa kakhulu emikhiqizweni esobala, imikhiqizo esebenza kahle kakhulu, amapayipi asebenza kakhulu, njll.

3. I-Polyvinyl chloride:

Ngenxa yezindleko zayo eziphansi kanye nezakhiwo zokuzibambezela amalangabi, inokusetshenziswa okubanzi emkhakheni wokwakha, ikakhulukazi amapayipi endle, iminyango yensimbi yepulasitiki namafasitela, amapuleti, isikhumba sokwenziwa, njll.

4. I-Polystyrene:

Njengohlobo lwempahla eluhlaza esobala, lapho kunesidingo sokubeka izinto obala, inezinhlobonhlobo zokusetshenziswa, njengezibani zezibani zezimoto, izingxenye ezisobala zansuku zonke, izinkomishi ezisobala, amathini, njll.

5. ABS:

Kuyipulasitiki yobunjiniyela esebenza ngezindlela eziningi enezakhiwo ezivelele zemishini nezokushisa.Isetshenziswa kakhulu ezintweni zasendlini, amaphaneli, imaski, imihlangano, izesekeli, njll., ikakhulukazi izinto zikagesi zasendlini, njengemishini yokuwasha, ama-air conditioner, amafriji, amafeni kagesi, njll. Yinkulu kakhulu futhi inezinhlobo eziningi zokusetshenziswa ukuguqulwa kwepulasitiki.

②Amapulasitiki wobunjiniyela

Ngokuvamile kubhekiselwa kumapulasitiki angakwazi ukumelana namandla athile angaphandle, abe nemishini emihle, ukumelana nezinga lokushisa eliphakeme naphansi, futhi abe nokuzinza okuhle kwe-dimensional, futhi angasetshenziswa njengezakhiwo zobunjiniyela, njenge-polyamide ne-polysulfone.Epulasitiki yobunjiniyela, ihlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili: ipulasitiki yobunjiniyela obujwayelekile kanye nepulasitiki ekhethekile yobunjiniyela.Amapulasitiki obunjiniyela angahlangabezana nezidingo eziphakeme ngokwezakhiwo zemishini, ukuqina, ukumelana nokugqwala, nokumelana nokushisa, futhi kulula kakhulu ukucutshungulwa futhi angathatha indawo yezinto zensimbi.Amapulasitiki obunjiniyela asetshenziswa kakhulu kugesi kanye ne-elekthronikhi, ezezimoto, ezokwakha, izinto zasehhovisi, imishini, i-aerospace nezinye izimboni.Ukufaka ipulasitiki esikhundleni sensimbi nepulasitiki esikhundleni sokhuni sekuyinkambo yamazwe ngamazwe.

Amapulasitiki obunjiniyela ajwayelekile ahlanganisa: i-polyamide, i-polyoxymethylene, i-polycarbonate, i-polyphenylene ether eguquliwe, i-thermoplastic polyester, i-ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, i-methylpentene polymer, i-vinyl alcohol copolymer, njll.

Amapulasitiki obunjiniyela akhethekile ahlukaniswe abe izinhlobo ezixhumene futhi ezingaxhunywanga.Izinhlobo ezixhumene nesiphambano yilezi: i-polyamino bismaleamide, i-polytriazine, i-polyimide exhunywe ngokuphambanayo, i-epoxy resin engashisi nokunye.Izinhlobo ezingaxhunywanga yilezi: i-polysulfone, i-polyethersulfone, i-polyphenylene sulfide, i-polyimide, i-polyether ether ketone (PEEK) njalonjalo.

③Amapulasitiki akhethekile

Ngokuvamile kubhekiselwa kumapulasitiki anemisebenzi ekhethekile futhi angasetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezikhethekile ezifana nezokundiza kanye ne-aerospace.Isibonelo, ama-fluoroplastics nama-silicones anokumelana okuvelele kokushisa okuphezulu, ukuzigcoba kanye neminye imisebenzi ekhethekile, futhi amapulasitiki aqinisiwe namapulasitiki anegwebu anezakhiwo ezikhethekile ezifana namandla aphezulu kanye nokuqina okuphezulu.Lawa mapulasitiki angaphansi kwesigaba samapulasitiki akhethekile.

a.Ipulasitiki eqinisiwe:

Izinto zokusetshenziswa zepulasitiki eziqinisiwe zingahlukaniswa zibe yi-granular (njengepulasitiki ye-calcium eqinisiwe), i-fiber (njenge-glass fibre noma indwangu yengilazi eqinisiwe yendwangu), kanye ne-flake (njenge-mica reinforced plastic) ngokubukeka.Ngokusho kokuqukethwe, ingahlukaniswa ngamapulasitiki aqiniswe ngendwangu (njengamapulasitiki aqinisiwe noma aqiniswe nge-asbestos), amapulasitiki agcwele amaminerali (njenge-quartz noma amapulasitiki agcwele i-mica), kanye namapulasitiki aqiniswe ngefayibha (njenge-carbon fiber reinforced). amaplastiki).

b.Igwebu:

Amapulasitiki enziwe ngegwebu angahlukaniswa abe izinhlobo ezintathu: amagwebu aqinile, angaqinile futhi aguquguqukayo.Igwebu eliqinile alinakho ukuguquguquka, futhi ubulukhuni balo bokucindezela bukhulu kakhulu.Izokhubaza kuphela uma ifinyelela inani elithile lokucindezeleka futhi ayikwazi ukubuyela esimweni sayo sasekuqaleni ngemva kokudamba kwengcindezi.Igwebu eliguquguqukayo liyavumelana nezimo, linobulukhuni bokucindezelwa okuphansi, futhi kulula ukonakala.Buyisela isimo sokuqala, ukuguqulwa okusele kuncane;ukuguquguquka kanye nezinye izakhiwo zegwebu eliqinile kancane ziphakathi kwamagwebu aqinile futhi athambile.

Okwesibili, ukuhlukaniswa ngokomzimba namakhemikhali

Ngokwezakhiwo ezihlukene zomzimba namakhemikhali zamapulasitiki ahlukahlukene, amapulasitiki angahlukaniswa abe izinhlobo ezimbili: amapulasitiki ashisayo kanye namapulasitiki ashisayo.

(1) I-Thermoplastic

I-Thermoplastics (i-Thermo plastics): ibhekisela kumapulasitiki azoncibilika ngemva kokufudumeza, angagelezela esikhunjeni ngemva kokupholisa, bese encibilika ngemva kokushisa;ukushisisa nokupholisa kungasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza izinguquko ezibuyiseleka emuva (uketshezi ←→oluqinile), yebo Okubizwa ngoshintsho olubonakalayo.I-General-purpose thermoplastics inamazinga okushisa okusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo angaphansi kuka-100°C.I-Polyethylene, i-polyvinyl chloride, i-polypropylene, ne-polystyrene nazo zibizwa ngokuthi ama-plastiki anenhloso evamile.Amapulasitiki e-Thermoplastic ahlukaniswe ama-hydrocarbons, ama-vinyl anezakhi zofuzo ze-polar, ubunjiniyela, i-cellulose nezinye izinhlobo.Iba thambile uma ishiselwa, futhi iba lukhuni uma ipholile.Ingathambisa ngokuphindaphindiwe futhi ibe lukhuni futhi igcine umumo othile.Iyancibilika kuzincibilikisi ezithile futhi inendawo yokuncibilika futhi inyibilike.I-Thermoplastics inokufakwa kahle kagesi okuhle kakhulu, ikakhulukazi i-polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), i-polystyrene (PS), i-polyethylene (PE), i-polypropylene (PP) inokulahleka kwe-dielectric ephansi kakhulu kanye ne-dielectric.Ukuze uthole imvamisa ephezulu kanye ne-high voltage insulation materials.I-Thermoplastics kulula ukubumba nokuyicubungula, kodwa inokumelana nokushisa okuphansi futhi kulula ukukhasa.Izinga lokukhasa liyahlukahluka ngomthwalo, izinga lokushisa lemvelo, i-solvent, kanye nomswakama.Ukuze unqobe lobu buthakathaka be-thermoplastics futhi uhlangabezane nezidingo zezicelo emkhakheni wobuchwepheshe bendawo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamandla amasha, wonke amazwe athuthukisa ama-resin aphikisana nokushisa angancibilika, njenge-polyether ether ketone (PEEK) kanye ne-polyether sulfone ( PES)., I-Polyarylsulfone (PASU), i-polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), njll. Izinto ezihlanganisiwe ezizisebenzisa njengama-matrix resins zinezakhiwo eziphezulu zemishini kanye nokumelana namakhemikhali, zingaba ne-thermoformed futhi zishiselwe, futhi zibe namandla angcono we-interlaminar shear kune-epoxy resins.Isibonelo, ukusebenzisa i-polyether ether ketone njenge-matrix resin kanye ne-carbon fiber ukwenza into eyinhlanganisela, ukumelana nokukhathala kudlula lokho kwe-epoxy/carbon fiber.Inokumelana nomthelela omuhle, ukumelana okuhle kokunyakaza ekamelweni lokushisa, kanye nokucutshungulwa okuhle.Ingasetshenziswa ngokuqhubekayo ku-240-270 ° C.Kuyimpahla efanelekile yokufaka izinga lokushisa eliphezulu.Izinto eziyinhlanganisela ezenziwe nge-polyethersulfone njenge-matrix resin kanye ne-carbon fiber inamandla aphezulu nobulukhuni ku-200 ° C, futhi ingagcina ukumelana nomthelela omuhle ku -100 ° C;ayinabo ubuthi, ayishi, intuthu encane, futhi imelana nemisebe.Hhayi-ke, kulindeleke ukuthi isetshenziswe njengengxenye ebalulekile yomkhumbi-mkhathi, futhi ingabunjwa ibe yi-radome, njll.

Amapulasitiki axhumene ne-formaldehyde ahlanganisa amapulasitiki e-phenolic, amapulasitiki amino (njenge-urea-formaldehyde-melamine-formaldehyde, njll.).Amanye amapulasitiki axhumene ahlanganisa ama-polyester angasetshenzisiwe, ama-epoxy resins, nama-phthalic diallyl resins.

(2) Ipulasitiki ye-thermosetting

Amapulastiki e-Thermosetting abhekisela kumapulasitiki angelapheka ngaphansi kokushisa noma ezinye izimo noma abe nezici ezingancibiliki (ezincibilikayo), njengamapulasitiki e-phenolic, amapulasitiki e-epoxy, njll. Amapulastiki e-Thermosetting ahlukaniswe abe uhlobo oluxhumene ne-formaldehyde nezinye izinhlobo ezixhumene.Ngemuva kokucutshungulwa okushisayo nokubunjwa, kwakhiwa umkhiqizo ophulukisiwe ongashisi futhi ongancibiliki, futhi ama-athomu e-resin axhumene nesakhiwo senethiwekhi ngesakhiwo somugqa.Ukushisa okwenyukayo kuzobola futhi kubhubhise.Amapulasitiki avamile we-thermosetting ahlanganisa i-phenolic, i-epoxy, i-amino, i-polyester engagcwalisiwe, i-furan, i-polysiloxane nezinye izinto, kanye namapulasitiki amasha e-polydipropylene phthalate.Zinezinzuzo zokumelana nokushisa okuphezulu nokumelana nokuguqulwa lapho kushisa.Okubi ukuthi amandla emishini ngokuvamile awaphezulu, kodwa amandla emishini angathuthukiswa ngokungeza ama-fillers ukwenza izinto ezifakwe elaminate noma izinto ezibunjiwe.

Amapulasitiki e-thermosetting enziwe nge-phenolic resin njengento eluhlaza eyinhloko, njengepulasitiki ebunjiwe ye-phenolic (evame ukwaziwa ngokuthi i-Bakelite), ahlala isikhathi eside, azinzile ngohlangothi, futhi amelana nezinye izinto zamakhemikhali ngaphandle kwama-alkali aqinile.Izigcwalisi ezahlukahlukene nezithasiselo zingangezwa ngokuya ngokusetshenziswa okuhlukile nezidingo.Ezinhlotsheni ezidinga ukusebenza okuphezulu kwe-insulation, i-mica noma i-glass fiber ingasetshenziswa njenge-filler;ngezinhlobo ezidinga ukumelana nokushisa, i-asbestos noma amanye ama-fillers angangeni ukushisa angasetshenziswa;ezinhlotsheni ezidinga ukumelana nokuzamazama komhlaba, imicu ehlukahlukene efanele noma irabha ingasetshenziswa njengama-filler Kanye nama-agent aqinisayo ukwenza izinto zokuqina okuphezulu.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-phenolic resins aguquliwe njenge-aniline, i-epoxy, i-polyvinyl chloride, i-polyamide, ne-polyvinyl acetal nayo ingasetshenziswa ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukene.Ama-phenolic resins nawo angasetshenziswa ukwenza ama-phenolic laminates, abonakala ngamandla amakhulu emishini, izakhiwo ezinhle zikagesi, ukumelana nokugqwala, nokucubungula kalula.Asetshenziswa kakhulu emishinini kagesi ene-low-voltage.

Ama-aminoplasts ahlanganisa i-urea formaldehyde, i-melamine formaldehyde, i-urea melamine formaldehyde njalonjalo.Zinezinzuzo zokuthungwa okuqinile, ukumelana nokuklwebheka, okungenambala, okuguquguqukayo, njll. Ukwengeza izinto zombala kungenziwa imikhiqizo enemibala, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-jade kagesi.Ngenxa yokuthi imelana nowoyela futhi ayithinteki ama-alkali abuthakathaka kanye nezincibilikisi zemvelo (kodwa hhayi ukumelana ne-asidi), ingasetshenziswa ku-70 ° C isikhathi eside, futhi ingamelana no-110 kuya ku-120 ° C ngesikhathi esifushane, futhi ingakwazi zisetshenziswe emikhiqizweni kagesi.Ipulasitiki ye-melamine-formaldehyde inobulukhuni obuphakeme kunepulasitiki ye-urea-formaldehyde, futhi inokumelana namanzi okungcono, ukumelana nokushisa, nokumelana ne-arc.Ingasetshenziswa njengento yokuvikela ukumelana ne-arc.

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zamapulasitiki e-thermosetting enziwe nge-epoxy resin njengento eluhlaza eyinhloko, phakathi kwawo cishe u-90% asekelwe ku-bisphenol A epoxy resin.Inonamathela okuhle kakhulu, i-insulation kagesi, ukumelana nokushisa kanye nokuzinza kwamakhemikhali, ukuncipha okuphansi nokumuncwa kwamanzi, namandla amahle okusebenza.

Kokubili i-polyester engasetshenzisiwe kanye ne-epoxy resin ingenziwa ibe yi-FRP, enamandla amakhulu okusebenza.Isibonelo, ipulasitiki eqiniswe nge-fiber yengilazi eyenziwe nge-polyester engagcwalisiwe inezakhiwo ezinhle zemishini kanye nokuminyana okuphansi (kuphela i-1/5 kuya ku-1/4 yensimbi, i-1/2 ye-aluminium), futhi kulula ukuyicubungula ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zikagesi.Izinto zikagesi nezemishini zamapulasitiki enziwe nge-dipropylene phthalate resin zingcono kunalezo zamapulasitiki e-phenolic kanye ne-amino thermosetting.Ine-hygroscopicity ephansi, usayizi womkhiqizo ozinzile, ukusebenza kahle kokubumba, ukumelana ne-asidi ne-alkali, amanzi abilayo nezinye izinyibilikisi eziphilayo.I-compound yokubumba ifaneleka ezingxenyeni zokukhiqiza ezinesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi, ukumelana nokushisa nokushisa okuphezulu.Ngokuvamile, ingasetshenziswa isikhathi eside ebangeni lokushisa elingu -60℃ 180℃, futhi izinga lokumelana nokushisa lingafinyelela ebangeni lika-F kuya ku-H, elingaphezu kokumelana nokushisa kwamapulasitiki e-phenolic nama-amino.

Amapulasitiki e-Silicone ngendlela yesakhiwo se-polysiloxane asetshenziswa kabanzi kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nobuchwepheshe kagesi.Amapulasitiki ane-Silicone laminated ikakhulukazi aqiniswa ngendwangu yengilazi;amapulasitiki abunjwe nge-silicone agcwele kakhulu imicu yengilazi kanye ne-asbestos, asetshenziselwa ukwenza izingxenye ezimelana nezinga lokushisa eliphakeme, imvamisa ephezulu noma amamotho angaphansi kwamanzi, izinto zikagesi, nezinto zikagesi.Lolu hlobo lwepulasitiki lubonakala ngenani lalo eliphansi le-dielectric kanye ne-tgδ, futhi alithinteki kakhulu yimvamisa.Isetshenziswa ezimbonini zikagesi neze-elekthronikhi ukumelana nama-corona nama-arcs.Ngisho noma ukukhishwa kubangela ukubola, umkhiqizo uyi-silicon dioxide esikhundleni se-carbon conductive black..Lolu hlobo lwempahla lukwazi ukumelana nokushisa okuvelele futhi lungasetshenziswa ngokuqhubekayo ku-250°C.Ukungalungi okuyinhloko kwe-polysilicone amandla aphansi emishini, ukunamathela okuphansi kanye nokuphikiswa kahle kwamafutha.Kuthuthukiswe ama-silicone polymers amaningi ashintshiwe, njengamapulasitiki e-silicone ashintshiwe futhi asetshenziswe kubuchwepheshe bukagesi.Amanye amapulastiki kokubili amaplastiki e-thermoplastic kanye ne-thermosetting.Isibonelo, i-polyvinyl chloride ngokuvamile i-thermoplastic.I-Japan isungule uhlobo olusha lwe-polyvinyl chloride ewuketshezi eyi-thermoset futhi enezinga lokushisa elibumbayo elingu-60 kuya ku-140°C.Ipulasitiki ebizwa ngokuthi i-Lundex e-United States inazo zombili izici zokucubungula i-thermoplastic, kanye nezakhiwo ezibonakalayo zamapulasitiki e-thermosetting.

① Amapulasitiki e-Hydrocarbon.

Ipulasitiki engeyona i-polar, ehlukaniswe yaba i-crystalline ne-non-crystalline.Amapulasitiki e-crystalline hydrocarbon ahlanganisa i-polyethylene, i-polypropylene, njll., futhi amapulasitiki angenayo i-crystalline hydrocarbon ahlanganisa i-polystyrene, njll.

②Amapulasitiki e-vinyl aqukethe izakhi ze-polar.

Ngaphandle kwama-fluoroplastics, iningi lawo ayizindikimba ezisobala ezingezona icrystalline, okuhlanganisa i-polyvinyl chloride, i-polytetrafluoroethylene, i-polyvinyl acetate, njll. Ama-vinyl monomers amaningi angenziwa i-polymerized ngama-radical catalysts.

③Amapulasitiki obunjiniyela be-Thermoplastic.

Ikakhulukazi ihlanganisa i-polyoxymethylene, i-polyamide, i-polycarbonate, i-ABS, i-polyphenylene ether, i-polyethylene terephthalate, i-polysulfone, i-polyethersulfone, i-polyimide, i-polyphenylene sulfide, njll. I-Polytetrafluoroethylene.I-polypropylene eguquliwe, njll. nayo ifakiwe kulolu hlu.

④ Amapulasitiki e-thermoplastic cellulose.

Ngokuyinhloko ihlanganisa i-cellulose acetate, i-cellulose acetate butyrate, i-cellophane, i-cellophane nokunye.

Singasebenzisa zonke izinto zepulasitiki ezingenhla.
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, i-PP yebanga lokudla kanye ne-medical-grade PP isetshenziselwa imikhiqizo efana nenezinkezo. I-pipetteyenziwe ngezinto ze-HDPE, futhitest tubengokuvamile yenziwe nge-medical grade PP noma impahla ye-PS.Sisenemikhiqizo eminingi, esebenzisa izinto ezihlukene, ngoba siyi-aisikhuntaumenzi, cishe yonke imikhiqizo yepulasitiki ingakhiqizwa