1. Sebenzisa ukuhlukaniswa

Ngokwezici ezahlukene zokusetshenziswa kwamapulasitiki ahlukahlukene, amapulasitiki avame ukuhlukaniswa abe izinhlobo ezintathu: amapulasitiki ajwayelekile, amapulasitiki obunjiniyela kanye namapulasitiki akhethekile.

①Ipulasitiki evamile

Ngokuvamile kubhekiselwa kumapulasitiki anomkhiqizo omkhulu, ukusetshenziswa okubanzi, ukwakheka okuhle kanye nentengo ephansi. Kunezinhlobo ezinhlanu zamapulasitiki ajwayelekile, okungukuthi i-polyethylene (PE), i-polypropylene (PP), i-polyvinyl chloride (PVC), i-polystyrene (PS) kanye ne-acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS). Lezi zinhlobo ezinhlanu zamapulasitiki zibalwa ngobuningi bezinto zokusetshenziswa zepulasitiki, kanti ezinye zingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo zepulasitiki ezikhethekile, njenge: PPS, PPO, PA, PC, POM, njll., azisetshenziswa kakhulu emikhiqizweni yansuku zonke, ikakhulukazi. Isetshenziswa emikhakheni ephezulu njengemboni yobunjiniyela kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuvikela kazwelonke, njengezimoto, izindiza, ukwakhiwa, kanye nokuxhumana. Ngokusho kohlelo lwayo lwepulasitiki, amapulasitiki angahlukaniswa abe amapulasitiki e-thermoplastic kanye namapulasitiki e-thermosetting. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, imikhiqizo ye-thermoplastic ingaphinde isetshenziswe, kanti amapulasitiki e-thermosetting awakwazi. Ngokwezakhiwo zokukhanya zamapulasitiki, angahlukaniswa abe izinto zokusetshenziswa ezibonakalayo, ezikhanyayo nezingabonakali, njenge-PS, i-PMMA, i-AS, i-PC, njll. okuyipulasitiki ezibonakalayo, kanti iningi lamanye amapulasitiki angamapulasitiki angabonakali.

Izakhiwo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki esetshenziswa njalo:

1. I-Polyethylene:

I-polyethylene esetshenziswa kakhulu ingahlukaniswa ibe yi-polyethylene ephansi (LDPE), i-polyethylene ephansi (HDPE) kanye ne-polyethylene ephansi (LLDPE) eqondile. Phakathi kwalokhu okuthathu, i-HDPE inezakhiwo ezingcono zokushisa, zikagesi nezomshini, kuyilapho i-LDPE ne-LLDPE zinezimo eziguquguqukayo, izakhiwo zomthelela, izakhiwo zokwakha ifilimu, njll. I-LDPE ne-LLDPE zisetshenziswa kakhulu kumafilimu okupakisha, amafilimu ezolimo, ukuguqulwa kwepulasitiki, njll., kuyilapho i-HDPE inezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi, njengamafilimu, amapayipi, kanye nezidingo zansuku zonke zomjovo.

2. I-Polypropylene:

Uma sikhuluma ngokufana, i-polypropylene inezinhlobo eziningi, ukusetshenziswa okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kanye nemikhakha ehlukahlukene. Izinhlobo zifaka phakathi i-homopolymer polypropylene (homopp), i-block copolymer polypropylene (copp) kanye ne-random copolymer polypropylene (rapp). Ngokusho kwesicelo, i-Homopolymerization isetshenziswa kakhulu emikhakheni yokudweba ucingo, i-fiber, i-injection, ifilimu ye-BOPP, njll. I-Copolymer polypropylene isetshenziswa kakhulu ezintweni zasekhaya zokufaka injection, izinto zokusetshenziswa eziguquliwe, imikhiqizo yokujova yansuku zonke, amapayipi, njll., kanti i-random polypropylene isetshenziswa kakhulu emikhiqizweni esobala, imikhiqizo esebenza kahle kakhulu, amapayipi asebenza kahle kakhulu, njll.

3. I-Polyvinyl chloride:

Ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo eziphansi nezigcina ukushisa, inokusetshenziswa okubanzi emkhakheni wokwakha, ikakhulukazi amapayipi okuhambisa indle, iminyango namafasitela ensimbi epulasitiki, amapuleti, isikhumba sokwenziwa, njll.

4. I-Polystyrene:

Njengohlobo lwezinto zokusetshenziswa ezibonakalayo, uma kunesidingo sokubonakala, inokusetshenziswa okubanzi, njengezibani zezimoto, izingxenye ezibonakalayo zansuku zonke, izinkomishi ezibonakalayo, amathini, njll.

5. I-ABS:

Ipulasitiki yobunjiniyela eguquguqukayo enezakhiwo ezivelele zomzimba nezokushisa. Isetshenziswa kabanzi ezintweni zasekhaya, amaphaneli, imaski, izinhlangano, izesekeli, njll., ikakhulukazi izinto zasekhaya, njengemishini yokuwasha, ama-air conditioner, amafriji, amafeni kagesi, njll. Inkulu kakhulu futhi inokusetshenziswa okubanzi ekuguqulweni kwepulasitiki.

②Ipulasitiki yobunjiniyela

Ngokuvamile kubhekisela kumapulasitiki angamelana namandla athile angaphandle, anezakhiwo ezinhle zemishini, ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu nokuphansi, futhi anokuqina okuhle kobukhulu, futhi angasetshenziswa njengezakhiwo zobunjiniyela, njenge-polyamide ne-polysulfone. Kumapulasitiki obunjiniyela, ahlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili: amapulasitiki obunjiniyela ajwayelekile kanye namapulasitiki obunjiniyela akhethekile. Amapulasitiki obunjiniyela angahlangabezana nezidingo eziphakeme ngokwezakhiwo zemishini, ukuqina, ukumelana nokugqwala, kanye nokumelana nokushisa, futhi kulula kakhulu ukuwacubungula futhi angathatha indawo yezinto zensimbi. Amapulasitiki obunjiniyela asetshenziswa kabanzi embonini kagesi neye-elekthronikhi, yezimoto, yokwakha, yehhovisi, yemishini, yezindiza kanye neminye imboni. Ukufaka esikhundleni sepulasitiki yensimbi kanye nepulasitiki esikhundleni sezinkuni sekuyinto ethandwayo emhlabeni wonke.

Amapulasitiki obunjiniyela ajwayelekile afaka: i-polyamide, i-polyoxymethylene, i-polycarbonate, i-modified polyphenylene ether, i-thermoplastic polyester, i-polyethylene enesisindo sama-molecule esiphezulu kakhulu, i-methylpentene polymer, i-vinyl alcohol copolymer, njll.

Amapulasitiki obunjiniyela akhethekile ahlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezixhumene nezingaxhunyiwe. Izinhlobo ezixhumene yilezi: i-polyamino bismaleamide, i-polytriazine, i-polyimide exhumene nezixhunye, i-epoxy resin engangeni ekushiseni njalo njalo. Izinhlobo ezingaxhunyiwe yilezi: i-polysulfone, i-polyethersulfone, i-polyphenylene sulfide, i-polyimide, i-polyether ether ketone (PEEK) njalo njalo.

③Ipulasitiki ekhethekile

Ngokuvamile kubhekiselwa kumapulasitiki anemisebenzi ekhethekile futhi angasetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezikhethekile njengezindiza kanye nezindiza. Isibonelo, amapulasitiki e-fluoroplastic nama-silicone anokumelana okuvelele kokushisa okuphezulu, ukuzigcoba kanye neminye imisebenzi ekhethekile, kanti amapulasitiki aqinisiwe namapulasitiki ane-foam anezakhiwo ezikhethekile njengokuqina okuphezulu kanye nokugoba okuphezulu. Lawa mapulasitiki angaphansi kwesigaba samapulasitiki akhethekile.

a. Ipulasitiki eqinisiwe:

Izinto zokusetshenziswa zepulasitiki eziqinisiwe zingahlukaniswa zibe yi-granular (njengepulasitiki eqinisiwe ye-calcium), i-fiber (njenge-fiber yengilazi noma ipulasitiki eqinisiwe yendwangu yengilazi), kanye ne-flake (njenge-plastic eqinisiwe ye-mica) ngokubukeka. Ngokusho kwezinto, ingahlukaniswa ibe yipulasitiki eqinisiwe esekelwe endwangu (njengepulasitiki eqinisiwe noma eqinisiwe ye-asbestos), ipulasitiki egcwaliswe ngamaminerali angaphili (njengepulasitiki egcwaliswe yi-quartz noma i-mica), kanye nepulasitiki eqinisiwe ye-fiber (njengepulasitiki eqinisiwe ye-carbon fiber).

b. Igwebu:

Amapulasitiki e-foam angahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezintathu: ama-foam aqinile, aqinile kancane kanye naguquguqukayo. I-foam eqinile ayinakuguquguquka, futhi ubunzima bayo bokucindezela bukhulu kakhulu. Izoshintsha kuphela uma ifinyelela inani elithile lokucindezeleka futhi ayikwazi ukubuyela esimweni sayo sokuqala ngemva kokuba ukucindezeleka sekuphelile. I-foam eguquguqukayo iyashintsha, inobunzima obuphansi bokucindezela, futhi kulula ukuyishintsha. Buyisela isimo sokuqala, ukuguqulwa okusele kuncane; ukuguquguquka kanye nezinye izakhiwo ze-foam eqine kancane ziphakathi kwama-foam aqinile nathambile.

Okwesibili, ukuhlukaniswa ngokomzimba namakhemikhali

Ngokwezakhiwo ezahlukene zomzimba nezamakhemikhali zamapulasitiki ahlukahlukene, amapulasitiki angahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili: amapulasitiki e-thermosetting kanye namapulasitiki e-thermoplastic.

(1) I-Thermoplastic

Ama-Thermoplastics (ama-thermo plastics): abhekisela kumapulasitiki azoncibilika ngemva kokufudumala, angageleza angene esikhumbeni ngemva kokupholisa, bese encibilika ngemva kokufudumala; ukushisa nokupholisa kungasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza izinguquko eziguqukayo (uketshezi ←→okuqinile), yebo Okubizwa ngokuthi ushintsho olungokwenyama. Ama-thermoplastics enhloso ejwayelekile anokushisa okusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo ngaphansi kuka-100°C. I-Polyethylene, i-polyvinyl chloride, i-polypropylene, kanye ne-polystyrene nazo zibizwa ngokuthi amapulasitiki amane enhloso ejwayelekile. Amapulasitiki e-Thermoplastic ahlukaniswe ngama-hydrocarbon, ama-vinyls anezakhi zofuzo ze-polar, ubunjiniyela, i-cellulose nezinye izinhlobo. Athambile uma eshiswa, futhi abe lukhuni uma epholile. Angathanjiswa ngokuphindaphindiwe futhi aqiniswe futhi agcinwe isimo esithile. Ancibilika kwezinye izinyibilikisi futhi anesimo sokuncibilika nokuncibilika. Ama-Thermoplastics anokushibilika kukagesi okuhle kakhulu, ikakhulukazi i-polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), i-polystyrene (PS), i-polyethylene (PE), i-polypropylene (PP) anokulahleka okuphansi kakhulu kwe-dielectric constant kanye ne-dielectric. Ukuze uthole izinto zokushisa ezivame kakhulu kanye ne-voltage ephezulu. Ama-thermoplastic kulula ukuwabumba nokuwacubungula, kodwa anokumelana nokushisa okuphansi futhi kulula ukuwacubungula. Izinga lokucubungula liyahlukahluka ngomthwalo, izinga lokushisa lemvelo, i-solvent, kanye nomswakama. Ukuze kunqotshwe lobu buthakathaka be-thermoplastics futhi kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zokusetshenziswa emikhakheni yobuchwepheshe besikhala kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamandla amasha, wonke amazwe athuthukisa ama-resin angamelana nokushisa angancibilikiswa, njenge-polyether ether ketone (PEEK) kanye ne-polyether sulfone (PES). , i-Polyarylsulfone (PASU), i-polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), njll. Izinto ezihlanganisiwe ezizisebenzisa njenge-matrix resin zinezakhiwo eziphakeme zemishini kanye nokumelana namakhemikhali, zingashintshwa futhi zihlanganiswe, futhi zinamandla angcono okushefa phakathi kwe-interlaminar kune-epoxy resin. Isibonelo, ukusebenzisa i-polyether ether ketone njenge-matrix resin kanye ne-carbon fiber ukwenza izinto ezihlanganisiwe, ukumelana nokukhathala kudlula okwe-epoxy/carbon fiber. Inokumelana okuhle komthelela, ukumelana okuhle kokucubungula ekushiseni kwegumbi, kanye nokucubungulwa okuhle. Ingasetshenziswa ngokuqhubekayo ku-240-270°C. Kuyizinto zokushisa eziphakeme ezifanele kakhulu. Izinto ezihlanganisiwe ezenziwe nge-polyethersulfone njenge-matrix resin kanye ne-carbon fiber zinamandla aphezulu kanye nobunzima ku-200°C, futhi zingagcina ukumelana okuhle komthelela ku--100°C; azinabo ubuthi, azishisi, azinantuthu kakhulu, futhi azinabo ubuthi bokukhanya. Nokho, kulindeleke ukuthi zisetshenziswe njengengxenye ebalulekile yendizamkhathi, futhi zingabunjwa zibe yi-radome, njll.

Amapulasitiki axhumene ne-formaldehyde ahlanganisa amapulasitiki e-phenolic, amapulasitiki e-amino (njenge-urea-formaldehyde-melamine-formaldehyde, njll.). Amanye amapulasitiki axhumene ne-cross ahlanganisa ama-polyester angagcwali, ama-resin e-epoxy, nama-resin e-phthalic diallyl e-dialyl.

(2) Ipulasitiki yokulungisa ukushisa

Amapulasitiki okusetha i-thermosetting abhekisela kumapulasitiki angelapheka ngaphansi kokushisa noma ezinye izimo noma anezici ezingancibiliki (zokuncibilika), njengepulasitiki ye-phenolic, amapulasitiki e-epoxy, njll. Amapulasitiki okusetha i-thermosetting ahlukaniswe ngohlobo lwe-formaldehyde oluxhumene nezinye izinhlobo ezixhumene. Ngemva kokucubungula ukushisa nokubumba, kwakheka umkhiqizo ophekiwe onganyibiliki futhi ongancibiliki, bese ama-molecule e-resin axhunyaniswa esakhiweni senethiwekhi ngesakhiwo esiqondile. Ukushisa okwandisiwe kuzobola futhi kubhubhise. Amapulasitiki ajwayelekile okusetha i-thermosetting afaka i-phenolic, i-epoxy, i-amino, i-unsaturated polyester, i-furan, i-polysiloxane nezinye izinto, kanye namapulasitiki amasha e-polydipropylene phthalate. Anezinzuzo zokumelana nokushisa okuphezulu kanye nokumelana nokuguquguquka lapho kushiswa. Okubi ukuthi amandla okusebenza ngokuvamile awaphezulu, kodwa amandla okusebenza angathuthukiswa ngokungeza ama-fillers ukwenza izinto ezifakwe i-laminated noma izinto ezibunjiwe.

Amapulasitiki okulungisa i-thermosetting enziwe nge-phenolic resin njengezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu, njenge-phenolic molded plastic (eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Bakelite), aqinile, azinzile ngokwezinga, futhi amelana nezinye izinto zamakhemikhali ngaphandle kwama-alkali aqinile. Ama-filler ahlukahlukene kanye nezithasiselo zingangezwa ngokuya ngokusetshenziswa okuhlukile nezidingo. Kwezinhlobo ezidinga ukusebenza okuphezulu kokushisa, i-mica noma i-glass fiber ingasetshenziswa njenge-filler; kwezinhlobo ezidinga ukumelana nokushisa, i-asbestos noma ezinye izi-filler ezingamelani nokushisa zingasetshenziswa; kwezinhlobo ezidinga ukumelana nokuzamazama komhlaba, imicu ehlukahlukene efanele noma irabha ingasetshenziswa njenge-fillers. Futhi amanye ama-ejenti okuqinisa ukwenza izinto zokuqina okuphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-phenolic resins aguquliwe njenge-aniline, i-epoxy, i-polyvinyl chloride, i-polyamide, ne-polyvinyl acetal nawo angasetshenziswa ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zezicelo ezahlukene. Ama-phenolic resins angasetshenziswa futhi ukwenza ama-phenolic laminates, abonakala ngamandla aphezulu omshini, izakhiwo ezinhle zikagesi, ukumelana nokugqwala, kanye nokucutshungulwa okulula. Asetshenziswa kabanzi emishinini kagesi ene-voltage ephansi.

Ama-Aminoplast afaka i-urea formaldehyde, i-melamine formaldehyde, i-urea melamine formaldehyde njalo njalo. Anezinzuzo zokuthungwa okuqinile, ukumelana nokuklwebheka, okungenambala, okukhanyayo, njll. Ukwengeza izinto zombala kungenziwa kube imikhiqizo enemibala, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-electric jade. Ngenxa yokuthi imelana namafutha futhi ayithinteki yi-alkalis ebuthakathaka kanye nezinyibilikisi eziphilayo (kodwa ayimelani ne-asidi), ingasetshenziswa ku-70°C isikhathi eside, futhi ingamelana no-110 kuya ku-120°C esikhathini esifushane, futhi ingasetshenziswa emikhiqizweni kagesi. Ipulasitiki ye-Melamine-formaldehyde inobulukhuni obuphezulu kunepulasitiki ye-urea-formaldehyde, futhi imelana namanzi kangcono, imelana nokushisa, kanye nemelana ne-arc. Ingasetshenziswa njengento yokuvikela ukumelana ne-arc.

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zepulasitiki ze-thermosetting ezenziwe nge-epoxy resin njengezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu, phakathi kwazo ezingaba ngu-90% zisekelwe ku-bisphenol A epoxy resin. Inamathela kahle kakhulu, i-insulation kagesi, ukumelana nokushisa kanye nokuqina kwamakhemikhali, ukuncishiswa okuphansi kanye nokumuncwa kwamanzi, kanye namandla amahle okusebenza.

Kokubili i-polyester engagcwalisiwe kanye ne-epoxy resin kungenziwa kube yi-FRP, enamandla amakhulu okusebenza. Isibonelo, ipulasitiki eqiniswe ngefayibha yengilazi eyenziwe nge-polyester engagcwalisiwe inezakhiwo ezinhle zokusebenza kanye nobukhulu obuphansi (i-1/5 kuya ku-1/4 yensimbi kuphela, i-1/2 ye-aluminium), futhi kulula ukuyicubungula ibe izingxenye ezahlukene zikagesi. Izakhiwo zikagesi nezokusebenza zamapulasitiki ezenziwe nge-dipropylene phthalate resin zingcono kunezepulasitiki ze-phenolic ne-amino thermosetting. Ine-hygroscopicity ephansi, usayizi womkhiqizo ozinzile, ukusebenza kahle kokubumba, ukumelana ne-asidi ne-alkali, amanzi abilayo kanye nezinye izinyibilikisi eziphilayo. Inhlanganisela yokubumba ifanelekela ukukhiqiza izingxenye ezinesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi, ukumelana nokushisa kanye nokushisa okuphezulu. Ngokuvamile, ingasetshenziswa isikhathi eside ebangeni lokushisa elingu--60 ~ 180℃, futhi izinga lokumelana nokushisa lingafinyelela izinga lika-F kuya ku-H, eliphakeme kunokumelana nokushisa kwamapulasitiki e-phenolic nama-amino.

Amapulasitiki e-silicone ngesimo sesakhiwo se-polysiloxane asetshenziswa kabanzi kwezobuchwepheshe be-elekthronikhi kanye nobuchwepheshe bukagesi. Amapulasitiki e-silicone aqiniswa kakhulu ngendwangu yengilazi; amapulasitiki abunjwe nge-silicone agcwele kakhulu i-fiber yengilazi kanye ne-asbestos, ezisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza izingxenye ezingamelani nokushisa okuphezulu, ama-motor avame kakhulu noma angaphansi kwamanzi, izinto zikagesi, kanye nemishini kagesi. Lolu hlobo lwepulasitiki lubonakala ngokungaguquguquki kwalo kwe-dielectric kanye nenani le-tgδ eliphansi, futhi aluthinteki kakhulu yi-frequency. Lusetshenziswa ezimbonini zikagesi neze-elekthronikhi ukumelana ne-corona kanye nama-arcs. Ngisho noma ukukhishwa kubangela ukubola, umkhiqizo uyi-silicon dioxide esikhundleni se-conductive carbon black. Lolu hlobo lwezinto lunokumelana nokushisa okuvelele futhi lungasetshenziswa njalo ku-250°C. Izinkinga ezinkulu ze-polysilicone amandla aphansi omshini, ukunamathela okuphansi kanye nokumelana okungekuhle kwamafutha. Kuye kwathuthukiswa ama-polymer amaningi e-silicone aguquliwe, njenge-polyester modified silicone plastics futhi asetshenziswe kubuchwepheshe bukagesi. Amanye amapulasitiki angamapulasitiki e-thermoplastic kanye ne-thermosetting. Isibonelo, i-polyvinyl chloride ngokuvamile iyi-thermoplastic. IJapane isungule uhlobo olusha lwe-polyvinyl chloride oluyi-thermoset futhi olunezinga lokushisa lokubumba elingu-60 kuya ku-140°C. Ipulasitiki ebizwa ngokuthi i-Lundex e-United States inezici zokucubungula i-thermoplastic, kanye nezakhiwo zomzimba zepulasitiki ezisebenzisa i-thermosetting.

① Amapulasitiki e-hydrocarbon.

Yipulasitiki engeyona i-polar, ehlukaniswe phakathi kwe-crystalline kanye ne-non-crystalline. Amapulasitiki e-hydrocarbon acwebezelayo afaka i-polyethylene, i-polypropylene, njll., kanti amapulasitiki e-hydrocarbon angeyona i-crystalline afaka i-polystyrene, njll.

②Amapulasitiki e-vinyl aqukethe izakhi zofuzo ezi-polar.

Ngaphandle kwama-fluoroplastic, iningi lawo ayizinto ezibonakalayo ezingabonakali njengekristalu, okuhlanganisa i-polyvinyl chloride, i-polytetrafluoroethylene, i-polyvinyl acetate, njll. Ama-monomer amaningi e-vinyl angapholishwa ngama-catalyst amakhulu.

③Amapulasitiki obunjiniyela be-thermoplastic.

Ikakhulukazi zifaka phakathi i-polyoxymethylene, i-polyamide, i-polycarbonate, i-ABS, i-polyphenylene ether, i-polyethylene terephthalate, i-polysulfone, i-polyethersulfone, i-polyimide, i-polyphenylene sulfide, njll. I-Polytetrafluoroethylene. I-polypropylene eguquliwe, njll. nayo ifakiwe kulolu hlu.

④ Amapulasitiki e-thermoplastic cellulose.

Ihlanganisa kakhulu i-cellulose acetate, i-cellulose acetate butyrate, i-cellophane, i-cellophane njalo njalo.

Singasebenzisa zonke izinto zepulasitiki ezingenhla.
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, i-PP yezinga lokudla kanye ne-PP yezinga lezokwelapha zisetshenziselwa imikhiqizo efana ne-izipuni. I-pipetteyenziwe ngezinto ze-HDPE, futhiithubhu lokuhlolangokuvamile yenziwe ngezinto ze-PP noma ze-PS zezinga lezokwelapha. Sisenemikhiqizo eminingi, esebenzisa izinto ezahlukene, ngoba singabantuisikhuntaumenzi, cishe yonke imikhiqizo yepulasitiki ingakhiqizwa